This hoof belonged to Ruby, one of our rescue ponies. She was chronically foundered and suffered from untreated PPID before we got her. We tried for three years to help her but ultimately when the bad days started to outnumber the good ones we had to end her suffering.

When Ruby first arrived she was emaciated and had very long overgrown, foundered hooves. But she was the kind of pony who always looked at you with appreciation in her eyes. We had her examined by our Vet right away and he floated her teeth, ran bloodwork and got her started on medication for the PPID. During the next three years she was off an on again sound, and had frequent bouts of laminitis. 

Montana is a paint mare that presented with a disconnected hoof wall, and both rotation and sinking of the coffin bone. She has an extremely flared hoof capsule and a very flat sole with zero concavity. Her owner repots that she is tender when ridden barefoot and "requires shoes or boots" when ridden to keep her sound.

​I opted for a conservative trim, steeply beveling the toe to reduce leverage, but leaving excess heel and quarters in order to provide some "false concavity".

On the bottom view you can see the bruising on the sole directly under the coffin bone from the lack of concavity and too much solar pressure. She has boots and pads to keep her comfortable for now and we will likely move to composite shoes for riding season in order to give her some long term comfort and “false concavity” to relieve that solar pressure.
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You can see the huge abscess she blew along the heel bulbs and frog as well. I wouldn’t be surprised if that starts to separate as it grows out.

Her owner reports that she has been moving really well and only required boots for a few days after the last trim and when riding. 

This trim was similar to the previous one in that I steeply beveled the toe to reduce leverage, though this time I did not leave excess heel and quarter height. The heels were starting to fold over and quarter was breaking away. 

You can see the connected hoof wall growth coming down farther from the coronary band as well. Overall I am very pleased with her progress thus far.

I am happy with the progress so far, the hoof wall connection is coming in and Montana has been moving well. The key here is keeping the leverage back so that it doesn't undermine the connection up higher. 

I purchased Flash in August of 2020 to be one of our school horses used during our trimming courses and because he had been diagnosed with Navicular Syndrome by the previous owner's Vet and I wanted to both help improve his condition and study him.

I am somewhat skeptical of the diagnosis as it was made without radiographs to confirm, and was only based on the Vet's opinion of how he was moving at the time. If you look at his initial photos and hoof conformation I struggle to understand how a diagnosis could have been made solely by assessing his movement with his hooves in that condition.

Either way I am moving forward under the assumption he may have Navicular Syndrome and treating him as I would treat any horse; with proper frequent trims, a good diet and turnout 24/7 on my track with my herd. 

Though it's not the best video to showcase his movement, you can see that he us kicking forward sand with his front hooves. This is due to toe first landings.

He is still pretty stiff through the body, and if landing flat, avoiding using his heels.

This is by far the best I have seen him moving. Still landing flat and with hesitation, but overall significantly improved from before. 

After this trim Flash was sounder then he has been since he arrived. I have also noticed a huge change in his behavior over the last month. He has finally settled into the herd and has started to approach me and ask for attention. Something he was never interested in before. After this trim I even rode him lightly in the arena for a few minutes, this was his first ride since we brought him home, and probably his first ride in over a year. 

I would still like to see him grow in more hoof wall connection as well as stronger digital cushions. As he grows in more wall connection I also expect that his concavity will increase and his soles will thicken, resulting in less bruising. 

Dixie is an 11 year QH mare, who has suffered with this toe crack for several years. Her current owner purchased her in the spring of 2000 and had been working with a vet and corrective farrier for 8 months without significant progress. She decided to try a different approach and brought her here to OKSNHC for rehab in January 2021.

The album below shows the before photos and first trim results. There are captions on some photos to explain important points.
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My plan this trim was to further reduce the long toe and just see how the new growth is coming in. It has only been a couple of weeks since the last trim so not a ton of new growth, but overall I am happy with the progress. Today I opted to cast only and when these wear off in 1-2 weeks I will soak again to treat that crack for fungus and bacteria and likely apply casting and composite shoes again, though she seemed just as comfortable in the casting alone without the composites. 
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This was the first trim that I was able to lower the heels and quarters to a normal level as I planned to apply composite shoes to create the "artificial concavity" that I have been achieving by leaving them high. Her sole is still very flat, though there is concavity starting to form. The crack on the FR is also starting to grow down from the coronary band closed. This is extremely exciting as this mare has had this crack for 5 years! Overall, there is about an 3/4 of an inch of tighter new growth at the coronary band since I began to trim her on  January 23 2021. I applied composite shoes, packed with Artimud, and plan to leave them on until early April. She was off at the trot before the trim and slightly worse after after. I believe this is due both the shorter trim to accommodate the composites, and to corium inflammation due to the flat sole.  In a few days I will take more video to see if  the inflammation has subsided with the composites applied.

​Inevitably this time of year I get panicked calls or texts from owners asking about bruising in the white line. When horses are walking in snow and their hooves are relatively clean the bright reddish purple bruising can look quite alarming.

While this bruising can be a sign of something more serious, it is usually just caused by walking on frozen uneven ground.

Most of our domestic horses live in soft dirt paddocks or pastures and during our winters here in Western Canada, the ground will go through periods of thawing and freezing, creating soft mud one day and hard frozen lumpy ground the next. The horses adapt well and can move about awkwardly on the frozen uneven ground, but often they will take a misstep here or there and that can result in bruising of the white line as shown in the picture. This type of bruising is generally is isolated to just one hoof and doesn't generally cause soreness or lead to anything worse, but it can be alarming if you don't know the cause.

What if it's more serious? If you are seeing this bruising when the ground is not frozen and hard, or it is present in both front hooves or all four hooves equally, it could be a sign of repeated toe first landings or even laminitis (caused by metabolic conditions). 

The hoof functions as a shock absorber to the rest of the body, and to work this way the horse must land heel first where all of the shock absorbing structures are located. When there is a breakdown of hoof integrity in the rear of the hoof, horses will compensate by landing toe first. As there are no shock absorbing structures in the front half of the hoof, the impact can create this bruising among other more serious complications. You can use your cell phone to take video of your horse moving at a walk and a trot and play it back in slow motion to determine how they are landing. Occasional toe first landings are normal, such as when a horse is unmotivated or travelling uphill, but repeated toe first landings on soft surfaces such as a sand arena or pasture are a red flag and should be discussed with your vet and farrier.

Laminitis can also cause this bruising and horses with metabolic conditions are at a greater risk of suffering complications during wintertime. Here in Western Canada, it is common among horse owners to try and "fatten their horses up" leading up to wintertime with the belief that they will stay warmer during our cold winter months if they have a little extra "padding". While this is true, often we ride significantly less in the winter leading to a more sedentary day to day life for the horse. This increased weight and feed regimen can lead to an obese horse in a very short timeframe and can lead to laminitis. While I am certainly not advocating for under feeding your horse during winter, I recommend you watch their weight closely and manage it as you would throughout the rest of the year. Metabolic horses are a challenge to care for and keeping an eye on the integrity of the white line can be beneficial in preventing and becoming aware of hoof issues that can lead to laminitis. Bruising can be an indication of laminitic events, even if not enough to trigger full blown laminitis. A stretched white line is an indication of a loss of hoof wall connection and should be discussed with your vet and farrier. 

Thrush is something that at one time or another all horse owners will likely have to deal with. It is not a product of neglectful horse care, nor is it a product of unsanitary living environment etc. Thrush is a combination of bacteria and fungus that can eat away at the frog tissue in the hoof. These bacteria and fungus are more prominent in wet conditions and thrive in moist ground, but can also be a problem in dry conditions. In the image above you will see the healthy frog on the right, the thrush infected frog on the left. You will notice that the central sulcus, the area at the rear of the frog in the middle, in the healthy hoof is just a small indent, but in the affected hoof it is a deep crack. This is the first area that thrush usually starts to affect. What happens is the the thrush eats away at the healthy tissue and creates a "home" for itself withing the sulcus of the frog. The deeper the crack, the better the hiding spot for the thrush to thrive and eat more healthy tissue. It is a vicious cycle and can be extremely hard to beat once it gets to this advanced stage.

Minor surface thrush is much easier to deal with. Some ratty tags on the frog, or a small infection of the central sulcus can usually be treated with diligent hoof picking and 2-3 times a week topical treatments. More severe thrush can take weeks or even months to clear up and can require soaking, topical treatments, booting and even diet/nutrition changes. 

So why is thrush an issue? At the start with a minor case, thrush doesn't really alter the horse in any way. If we catch it early enough and treat it then it is a non issue. If thrush persists and manages to eat into the frog tissue deeper it can cause the horse to feel some sensitivity when loading the back of their hoof and can cause them to land flat or toe first as opposed to heel first as they are intended to land. Horses land heel first in order to use the frog and its underlying structure, the digital cushion, to absorb impact and dissipate energy vibrations. When the horse alters its movement and doesn't land heel first that impact energy travels up the leg into the joints, shoulders/hip and back and causes excess strain on the body. This can create a cascade effect that can significantly affect the performance of the horse and in serious cases can even lead to lameness.

When the thrush eats through the frog and into the sensitive digital cushion it is extremely painful for the horse. The hoof and its outside structures are designed to protect, and are insensitive structures, meaning they do not have nerves and blood supply directly within them. The nerve receptors and blood supply are located within the sensitive structures: the digital cushion, solar corium and lamina. So this means that a minor surface infection of the frog really won't cause much pain, however once the thrush eats into the digital cushion it is in fact an open wound of the horse, and is painful when impacting the ground. The horse then alters their movement to avoid loading the frog as much as possible. This is an issue because of the previously mentioned strain on the body, but also because healthy frog tissue is generated because of positive impact forces, and without the horse loading the frog it won't receive these forces. This creates a long term problem as the frog and digital cushion will atrophy over time due to lack of stimulation and will alter the shape of the hoof capsule. You then have a significant reduction of impact energy dissipation and a horse that is absorbing that impact in their joints, therefore more prone to develop arthritis and other joint related conditions.

The pictures below show you the severity of a thrush infection once it gets into the digital cushion. These cadavers have the outside structures removed and the one on the left has an infection so deep that a hoof pick can be inserted into the crack approx 1/2 an inch. This is a deep open wound for the horse and extremely painful. The cadaver on the right shows a healthy digital cushion with a normal central sulcus without infection.

So what can we do about it? For minor infections treating topically is easy. Your local tack store will have several products available that are designed to kill the harmful bacteria and fungus that cause thrush. ​My personal word of of caution would be to read the ingredients label on those products. What you want is something that will kill the harmful bacteria and fungus, but not the healthy tissue. A lot of commercially made thrush products have ingredients like formaldehyde, formalin, turpentine etc. These substances are toxic to healthy tissues and will indeed kill the thrush but also the regenerating frog tissue. My favorite for minor surface thrush are tea tree ointments, gentian violet treatments or zinc oxide cream marketed as diaper cream for babies.

Think about a deep thrush infection like an open wound on your own skin. Use products that will keep it clean but also encourage healthy growth. Products such as antibacterial wound scrubs used in human medicine, as well as barrier creams and ointments. My personal method for treating for this type of infection is as follows:

• Thoroughly clean the hoof - I use diluted Dawn dish soap with a scrub brush to get into and around the crevices in the frog. (be careful with a deep infection, it will hurt your horse to scrub inside there, instead use a syringe to flush the area with your cleaning solution)

 

• I will then soak for 10 minutes in White Lightning. White Lightning is a chlorine dioxide solution that when mixed with equal parts white vinegar activates to kill fungus and bacteria on contact without hurting the healthy tissues. I alternate these soaks between White Lightning and generic apple cider vinegar. 

 

• Dry the hoof and apply extra strength Desitin diaper ointment to the entire frog and as far inside the infection as possible. I sometimes fill a syringe with the Desitin in order to apply it deep inside there. If there is room at top of the central sulcus I will also apply cotton balls over the ointment just to help keep it in place. Note: regular strength Desitin and most generic diaper creams only have a 10% zinc oxide content whereas the extra strength has a 40% content. The zinc oxide is what fights the fungus so opt for the higher content if possible. 

 

• Prepare your hoof boot of choice. Boots will help to keep the frog clean and dry and make sure your horse can't stand with their feet in their urine or manure which will further exasperate the infection. I use my Cavallo Trek boots, with a 1/2 inch thick felt pad inside, topped with GoldBond Medicated Foot Powder. Put the clean and dry hoof, coated in the zinc oxide cream into the boot. Note: to make felt boot pads I buy a 1/2 inch thick felt saddle pad for approx $40 and cut several boot pads out of this pad. It is far more economical then buying individual boot pads and they are machine washable and can be used a few times before they wear out. 

 

• Repeat this process every second day alternating between the White Lightning soaks and apple cider vinegar. Make sure to use only a little of your soaking solution so that it doesn't irritate the skin or the coronary band. You only need enough in your soaking boot to touch the bottom of the hoof - approx a 1/4 inch in the bottom. Continue this regimen until the infection has closed and the frog is sufficiently regenerated. For some horses long term boots can rub or irritate their heel bulbs or pasterns. Make sure you have the right fit of boot and style that can accommodate a felt pad, and I also use the Cavallo Pastern Wraps when needed.

The photo above shows Ruby when she arrived in late March, the video below was shot July 15, 2018.

Published in Saddle Up Magazine September 2015

Most horse owners cringe at hearing the words Navicular Syndrome. In the past it has often meant expensive corrective shoeing and just trying to keep your horse sound for one more season, inevitably resulting in putting them down. Unfortunately Navicular Syndrome is one of the hardest subjects for a farrier/trimmer to research. It seems that every old text contradicts the next, and every person you talk to has a different understanding of the condition. The good news is that tons of new research is being done, and hopefully the equine world will soon have a better understanding that the best way to treat Navicular Syndrome is to prevent it in the first place, and that it is easy to do so.
 
One of the doctors at the forefront of Navicular research is Dr. Robert Bowker of Michigan State University. I had the pleasure of meeting Dr. Bowker at the 2015 Equine Education Summit hosted by Horse Council BC this past spring. Dr. Bowker states that he has identified a heel first landing as the most important element of hoof function and more importantly hoof development. He has determined that as the hoof impacts the ground heel first, the hoof expands both laterally and from the back to the front, and the concave sole descends lower to the ground, thus dramatically increasing the volume of the hoof capsule. This sudden increase in volume creates a vacuum, which pulls blood into the hoof capsule. This pull of blood not only nourishes the living tissues in the hoof, but acts as a very important hydraulic shock absorber.
 

It has been documented over the years that some horses with navicular bone changes are perfectly sound, while others without bone damage can show severe lameness in the rear of the hoof. This is confusing though as it has long been taught in the veterinary and farrier communities that the bone damage happened first and the pain associated with Navicular Syndrome was caused by the deep digital flexor tendon sliding over the rough surface of the damaged navicular bone.
 
Dr. James R. Rooney of the American College of Veterinarian Pathologists specializes in post mortem studies of horses. In thousands of dead horses he has examined, Dr. Rooney found that the fibrocartilages surrounding the flexor tendon and navicular bone were always damaged if bone deterioration was present. He has not found one single case where the bone was damaged and the fibrocartilage was not. He has however found cases where the bone was not yet deteriorated and yet the fibrocartilage had started to break down. He has learned that the order in which damage occurs is: first the fibrocartilages surrounding the navicular bone, second the fibrocartilages surrounding the deep digital flexor tendon, third the flexor tendon itself, and finally the navicular bone itself is damaged by the rough surface of the damaged flexor tendon. Simulating a toe first landing with cadaver horse legs in test machines, Dr. Rooney was able to simulate this exact process of deterioration, proving the order in which tissues were damaged leading to Navicular Syndrome.
 
The main structure in the front half of the hoof is the coffin bone. The sole and hoof wall are attached to it via the lamina. The digital cushion and the lateral cartilages form the rear half of the hoof. It is the rear half of the hoof that is responsible for dissipating the impact energy of movement. The front of the hoof has no impact absorbing structures, they are all fairly rigid. The digital cushion at birth is made up of primarily fat and is filled with nerves. As the foal moves the pressure and release of the frog causes fibrocartilage to grow from the front of the digital cushion and spread toward the back. By the time the horse has grown to an adult the digital cushion should have transformed into a mass of fibrocartilage. This fibrocartilage is responsible for protecting and cushioning the nerves as well as dissipating the energy of a heel first landing. The lateral cartilages at birth are tiny, less than 1/16th of an inch thick, and don’t extend to the underside of the frog and digital cushion yet. As the foal grows, with movement, flexion, and the expansion and contraction of the hoof mechanism the lateral cartilages grow. They should eventually extend to create a floor underneath the frog and digital cushion and should have developed to about an inch thick.
 
So why are most horse’s uncomfortable landing heel first? Because in domestication we tend to keep our foals on soft ground. Deeply bedding the stalls that restricts their movement, and keeping them on soft terrain when they are turned out. The soft ground inhibits the flexion, expansion and contract and negates the hoof mechanism as it was designed to work. This results in very commonly, adult horses with lateral cartilages as thin as 1/8th of an inch thick instead of the inch they should be, and with digital cushions that are underdeveloped, thin and weak.

Dr. Bowker has also found that bone loss associated with Navicular Syndrome can also be attributed to a lack of natural pressure in the navicular region of the hoof. He specifically blames peripheral loading i.e. shoeing the hoof to remove sole pressure or allowing the hoof wall to grow too long so that the sole, frog, and bars of the hoof cannot share in the weight baring pressures of movement as they were designed.
 
When we learn the science behind Navicular Syndrome, and when this information becomes mainstream, only then can we start to prevent these changes from happening. While we cannot heal the bone deterioration once it has happened, we can bring strength back to the digital cushion and lateral cartilages. We must first bring them back into work, by removing the peripheral loading devices, keeping a low heel and allowing the digital cushion to strengthen again. The digital cushion is filled with myoxoid tissue which is similar to stem cell tissue and Dr. Deborah Taylor of Auburn University has published that the digital cushion can regenerate if given the opportunity. And as discussed previously, horses with bone deterioration to the navicular bone can be made comfortable if the rest of the hoof is allowed to strengthen to support it.
 
If your horse is suffering from Navicular Syndrome or you want to learn more I would direct you to study the research of Dr. Robert Bowker, Dr. James R. Rooney and Dr. Deborah Taylor. They are leading the research right now, and are coming up with amazing information that is helping horses that would have previously been put down.

Published in Saddle Up Magazine August 2015


In last month’s article I discussed the difference between Laminitis and Founder. I explained that laminitis by definition is inflammation of the lamina in the hoof. The lamina affected are the sensitive lamina (surrounding the front and sides of the coffin bone) as well as the solar corium (the underside of the coffin bone). I also discussed that low grade laminitis left untreated, or during acute laminitis, the coffin bone can rotate within the hoof capsule becoming foundered. Founder is simply the rotation of the coffin bone. There is no almost or partly foundered. Either the bone is rotated or it is not. However, the severity of the rotation can vary. This is dependent of the overall health of the hoof prior to the laminitis, the length and severity of the laminitic episode as well as the current trimming/shoeing protocol. In this issue I want to show you what a foundered hoof looks like both inside and out.

In order to demonstrate a foundered hoof, I will first show you a healthy one. The hoof wall is well connected all the way from the coronary band to the ground, it is not flared, pulled forward, or separated.

Published in Saddle Up Magazine July 2015

            The terms Laminitis and Founder are often used interchangeably by vets, farriers, trimmers and horse owners alike, however in my opinion they have two very different meanings. Laminitis is the inflammation of the sensitive lamina surrounding the coffin bone. This includes the sensitive lamina, found along the front and sides of the coffin bone, as well as the solar corium which is found on the bottom of the coffin bone. The sensitive lamina is the vasculature covering the coffin bone and it has nerves and a blood supply. The insensitive lamina is located on the inside of the hoof wall and has no blood supply or nerves and is semi-rigid in structure. The sensitive and insensitive lamina interlock like Velcro. This connection of the lamina supports the coffin bone’s position within the hoof.